Author Archives: Manbir & Gurpreet

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About Manbir & Gurpreet

Gurpreet Kaur’s journey in this world .... Gurpreet Kaur was a Musician. She was a singer and a composer of music. Her interest was composing and singing Gurbani Shabads in Indian Classical style. She sang Shabads in All the Raags mentioned in Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. She also taught Gurmat Sangeet at Gurmat Gian Missionary College, Jawadi, Ludhiana. Elder child to Pushpinder Kaur and Dr. Brig. Harminder Singh, was born in Amritsar on 13th Jan 1962. She attended various convent schools as a child because her father would get frequent Army postings as a dental surgeon. She graduated with Music Honors from Govt. College for Women, Chandigarh. Music was her hobby and she composed and sang Raag based Gurbani Shabads. Doing Kirtan was part of growing up nurtured by her parents. She learned music from her father Dr. Brigadier Harminder Singh who was a dental surgeon in Indian Army and a very good singer himself. Gurpreet’s Bhua (father’s sister), Ajit Kaur retied as a Head of Department of Music from Govt. College for Women Ludhiana, and was a renounced Punjabi singer of her time. Gurpreet Kaur also learned nuances of Indian Classical Music from Pandita Sharma. She was a mother of three children, and a grandmother. Her daughter Keerat Kaur is a Computer Engineer. Her two sons Gurkeerat Singh and Jaskeerat Singh are doctors in USA. Her daughter Keerat Kaur too was part of her group ~ Gurmat Gian Group. Gurpreet Kaur left this world at the age of 54yrs on 12th Sept 2016 in Baltimore USA. She had recorded around 25 cds of Gurbani Keertan. 'Raag Ratan' Album (6 CDs) is a Compilation of Shabads in All the 31 Sudh Raags of Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. 'Gauri Sagar' Album (3 CDs) is a Compilation of All forms of Raag Gauri in Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. 'Nanak Ki Malhaar' ~ ((3 CDs) is an album of Raag Malhar Shabads in various forms of Malhar. 'Gur Parsaad Basant Bana' ~ (3 CDs) is an album of Shabads in Raag Basant sung in various forms of Raag Basant. Har Ki Vadeyai Sarni Aayea Sewa Priya Kee Preet Piyaree Mohan Ghar Aavho Karo Jodariya Mo Kao Taar Le Raama Taar Le Tere Kavan Kavan Gun Keh Keh Gawan Mera Baid Guru Govinda Saajanrraa Mera Saajanrraa

Tear gas

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Tear gas
Among the first uses of chemicals as weapons, Tear inducing agents were used.During the first World War, the French army were the first to employ gas, using 26 mm grenades filled with tear gas (ethyl bromoacetate) in August 1914. The small quantities of tear gas used were not even detected by the Germans. Active agent was later changes to chloroacetone.In October 1914, German troops fired fragmentation shells filled with a chemical irritant against British positions at Neuve Chapelle.

These days a type of Tear Gas is routinely used by police to disperse rowdy crowd of demonstrators.
Chemical Weapons

Chlorine

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Chlorine
Chlorine was Discovered in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele.Chlorine gas is two and one half times as heavy asair, has an intensely disagreeable suffocating odor, and is exceedingly poisonous. In its liquid and solid form it is a powerful oxidizing, bleaching, and disinfecting agent.In nature it is only found combined with other elements chiefly sodium in the form of common salt – NaClIt is an essential microutrient for higher plants. Growth suffers if the amount of chloride in the soil fall below 2 ppm.
Chlorine is an important chemical in water purification. Chlorine is also used widely in the manufacture of many products and items directly or indirectly:

  • In paper product production, antiseptic, dyestuffs, food, insecticides, paints, petroleum products, plastics, medicines, textiles, solvents, and many other consumer products.
  • It is used to kill bacteria and other microbes from drinking water supplies.
  • Chlorine is involved in beaching wood pulp for paper making, bleach is also used industrially to remove ink from recycle paper. Paper companies use chlorine to bleach paper.
  • The largest users of chlorine are companies that make ethylene dichloride and other chlorinated solvents, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins, chlorofluorocarbons, and propylene oxide. 
Exposure to chlorine can occur in the workplace. People who use laundry bleach and swimming pool chemicals containing chlorine products are usually not exposed to chlorine itself. Chlorine is generally found only in industrial settings.Chlorine enters the body breathed in with contaminated air or when consumed with contaminated food or water. It does not remain in the body, due to its reactivity.Effects of chlorine on human health depend on how the amount of chlorine that is present, and the length and frequency of exposure. Effects also depend on the health of a person or condition of the environment when exposure occurs.Breathing small amounts of chlorine for short periods of time adversely affects the human respiratory system. Effects differ from coughing and chest pain, to water retention in the lungs. Chlorine irritates the skin, the eyes, and the respiratory system. These effects are not likely to occur at levels of chlorine that are normally found in the environment.

As a Chemical Weapon

The German Army first used chlorine gas cylinders in April 1915 against the French Army at Ypres. French soldiers reported seeing yellow-green clouds drifting slowly towards the Allied trenches. They also noticed its distinctive smell which was like a mixture of pineapple and pepper. At first the French officers assumed that the German infantry were advancing behind a smoke screen and orders were given to prepare for an armed attack. When the gas arrived at the Allied front-trenches soldiers began to complain about pains in the chests and a burning sensation in their throats.

Chlorine gas destroyed the respiratory organs of its victims and this led to a slow death by asphyxiation.
 Chemical Weapons

Recommended daily intake of vitamins and minerals

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Recommended daily intake of vitamins and minerals

Vitamins Recommended daily intake


Over dosage (mg or µg/d)

Biotin
(B-complex)

 30 µg  More on Biotin

Folate
(B-complex)

 400 µg Doses larger than 400 µg may cause anaemia and may mask symptoms of a vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin A 600 µg Extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can cause dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains and headaches

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

 1,4 mg No toxic effects resulting from high doses have been observed

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

 1,6 mg Doses higher than 200 mg may cause urine colour alteration

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

 18 mg Doses larger than 150 mg may cause problems ranging from facial flushing to liver disease

Vitamin B5 (patothenic acid)

 6 mg  More on Vitamin B5 Dose should not exceed 1200 mg; this may cause nausea and heartburn

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

 2 mg  More on Vitamin B6 Doses larger than 100 mg may cause numbness and tingling in hands and feet

Vitamin B12 (cobalamine)

 6 µg Doses larger than 3000 µg may cause eye conditions

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

 75 mg  More on Vitamin C No impacts of over dose have been proven so far

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

 5 µg Large doses (>50 µg) obtained form food can cause eating problems and ultimately disorientation, coma and death

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

 10 mg Doses larger than 1000 mg cause blood clotting, which results in increased likelihood of haemorrhage in some individuals
Vitamin K 80 µg  More on Vitamin K Large doses of one form of vitamin K (menadione or K3) may result in liver damage or anaemia
Minerals Recommended daily intake Over dosage
Boron < 20 mg
Calcium 1000 mg Doses larger than 1500 mg may cause stomach problems for sensitive individuals
Chlorine

3400 mg
(in chloride form)
Chromium 120 µg Doses larger than 200 µg are toxic and may cause concentration problems and fainting
Copper 2 mg As little as 10 mg of copper can have a toxic effect
Fluorine 3,5 mg
Iodine 150 µg
Iron 15 mg Doses larger than 20 mg may cause stomach upset, constipation and blackened stools
Magnesium 350 mg Doses larger than 400 mg may cause stomach problems and diarrhoea
Manganese 5 mg Excess manganese may hinder iron adsorption
Molybdenum 75 µg Doses larger than 200 µg may cause kidney problems and copper deficiencies
Nickel < 1 mg Products containing nickel may cause skin rash in case of allergies
Phosphorus 1000 mg Contradiction: the FDA states that doses larger than 250 mg may cause stomach problems for sensitive individuals
Potassium 3500 mg Large doses may cause stomach upsets, intestinal problems or heart rhythm disorder
Selenium 35 µg Doses larger than 200 µg can be toxic
Sodium 2400 mg
Vanadium < 1,8 mg
Zinc 15 mg Doses larger than 25 mg may cause anaemia and copper deficiency


Chemical Weapons

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Chemical Weapons
A chemical weapon is a device that uses chemically formulated substances to inflict death or harm to humanbeings. They are classified as weapons of mass destruction, and have been “condemned by the civilized world”. They have been used in past conflicts and it is anticipated that their potential for future use is always possible. Numerous international agreements are in force with regard to chemical weapons.
An Incomplete List of substances in this category

VX

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VX
VX is O-ethyl S-diisopropylaminomethyl methylphosphonothiolateIt is a brownish liquid substance and its vapours are odourless. The United States began producing it in April 1961, but its composition was not known for another decade. VX is among the most toxic substances known. Mere droplets can kill. It can remain on material and, equipment and terrain for long periods. Uptake is mainly through the skin but also through inhalation of the substance as a gas or aerosol.
 Chemical Weapons