Intrauterine Contraceptive Device

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Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small T-shaped plastic device that is placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It is a reversible type of contraception. The women having IUD in place is protected till she decides to get the device removed. The device can be kept in the uterus for 10 yrs. It can be removed early if and when the woman wants to have a pregnancy.
The IUD has a plastic string is attached to its long arm end to ensure correct placement and for removal. IUDs are an easily reversible form of birth control, and they can be easily removed. However, an IUD should only be removed by a medical professional.
   
IUDs are the most inexpensive long-term birth control method available.Two types of IUDs are available: copper and hormonal. The most recently introduced hormonal IUD is the levonorgestrel intrauterine system.  An IUD can be placed during an outpatient visit. It can be inserted at any phase of the menstrual cycle, but the best time is right after the menstrual period because this is when the cervix is softest and when women are least likely to be pregnant.To place the IUD, a speculum is used to hold the vagina open. An instrument is used to steady the cervix and uterus, and a tube is used to place the IUD. The arms of the T shape bend back in the tube and then open once the IUD is in the uterus. Once the IUD is in place, the instruments are withdrawn. The string hangs about an inch out of the cervix but does not hang out of the vagina.

Women should never try to remove an IUD themselves. A clinician can usually remove an IUD very simply by carefully pulling the string ends at a certain angle. This causes the IUD arms to fold up and the IUD to slide out through the cervix.
The arms of this IUD contain some copper, which is slowly released into the uterus. The copper prevents sperm from making their way through the uterus into the tubes and prevents fertilization. If fertilization does occur, the copper prevents the fertilized egg from implanting on the wall of the uterus.Hormonal IUDs that contain progesterone must be replaced every 5 years. They can be removed at any time if a woman decides she wishes to become pregnant or if she does not want to use it anymore. Hormones are in the arms of the IUD and are released slowly into the uterus. The hormone used is mostly levonorgestrel, which is similar to progesterone. It causes cervical mucus to thicken to prevent sperm from entering the cervix and reaching the egg.
 Contraception

Emergency Contraception

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Emergency Contraception
Emergency Contraception is a method to avoid pregnancy after an unprotected sex. It is not to be used as a frequent birth control measure. Emergency contraceptives should not be used as a contraceptive method in women who are sexually active or planning to become sexually active.Emergency contraceptive pills are sometimes called the morning-after pill. This pill has to be taken within 72 hrs of unprotected sex. These pills contain high doses of the same hormones that are in birth control pills.It is mostly a single doses product. But some brands have to be taken as 2 doses, 12 hrs apart. One must follow the advice available with the pill.
A woman is most likely to become pregnant if sexual intercourse occurs in the few days before or after ovulation, release of an egg from the ovary. This pill prevents pregnancy either by preventing ovulation, or by preventing the union of sperm with the egg or by preventing the embedding of the fertilized egg in the uterus.
Another Emergency Contraceptive measure that is possible is use of Intrauterine Device. This devie is Copper T. It can be inserted up to 5 days after unprotected sexual intercourse but should be inserted as soon as possible. The IUD can be removed after your next menstrual period, when it is confirmed that you are not pregnant. You can use the IUD for long-term birth control. The copper IUD can be left in place for up to 10 years for contraception, and it is a reversible form of birth control.
 Contraception

Vasectomy

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Vasectomy
Vasectomy is a contraceptive procedure for men. It is a permanent surgical method to make a man incapable to reproduction. It is not castration procedure, and does not affect the testes, and it does not affect sexual ability of the man. He continues to remains a sexually capable and active person after the procedure. It does not in any way affect his sexual function except that he would not be capable to make another female pregnant. A man who decides that he no longer need to have another child may go in for this procedure. It is a small surgical procedure and can be done in an outpatient setup with proper infection prevention taken.The doctor makes a small opening in the man’s scrotum, that holds his testicles and closes off both tubes Vas deferens that carry sperm from his testicles. This keeps the sperm out of his semen. The man can have erections and ejaculate semen, while his sperm no longer makes a woman pregnant. His ejaculate does not contain his sperms.It is a permanent procedure. It is advisable that the man should take some additional precaution while having intercourse during the first month after the procedure or say, for 20 ejaculations he should take additional measure of contraception.
 
 Contraception

Tubectomy

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Tubectomy
Tubectomy is a permanent contraceptive method for females. It is a surgical procedure by which both the fallopian tubes are ligated so that the egg released by the ovaries does not reach the uterus. The fallopian tubes are two tubes that carry the egg released by the ovaries to the uterus.One end of the fallopian tubes open into the abdomen and the other end are connected to the uterus. Each tube is about 10cmm in length. When the ovum or egg is released from the ovary, it is picked up by Fallopian tube through which it moves into the uterus. If sperms are present in the Fallopian tubes, the ovum is fertilized and the resulting embryo is transmitted to the uterus where it is embedded to continue the process of pregnancy.
Gynaecologists, general surgeons and laparoscopic surgeons perform tubectomy.
 
 Contraception

Vaginal Spermicide

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Vaginal Spermicide
This type of contraceptive contains chemicals that kill the sperms. Whenever the spermicide isintroducedinto vagina, it kills and immobilizes the sperms. Example of spermicide is Delfen Cream. It is a white cream with 5% nonoxynol 9 as spermicide. A plastic applicator with piston is used which is screwed to the mouth of the cream tube. The cream tube is pressed to fill up to the mark of 2.5 ml. The women lies on her back with knees pulled up, separates her labia minora by left thumb and index finger and pushes the cream filled applicator inside vagina as high up as possible. The cream is delivered by pressing on the piston. The cream is introduced 3 minutes before coitus.

Pregnancy failure per 100 women year is  15

Side effects: A few can have vaginal and penile allergy.

Vaginal Contraceptive Pessary

This is about 1 inch long flat tablet containing nonoxynol 9 as spermicide. Within 5 minutes of its introduction it dissolves and micro foam is produced to cover cervix and upper vagina.
 Contraception